Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example he corporate managers have grossly increased to unprecedented levels where their decisions might have had a greater impact on the larger good of the stakeholders i.e. Shareholders, general public, government etc. In the heat of competition the managers of these organizations take decisions which may not be in favor of internal as well as external customers of these organizations. This has therefore necessitated the more proactive role of the board of the directors of organizations in promoting good governance specially their role in ensuring the effectiveness of the internal controls of the organization is stressed upon a lot. An effective internal audit function can play an important role in helping Board of directors to discharge their responsibility of ensuring effective control. However before discharging this responsibility, an internal audit function within the organization need to be objective and proactive in nature with a mandate to conduct independent reviews and with the n ecessary organizational flexibility to report their findings to the highest authority within the organization so that not only independence is maintained but also the results are communicated to the platform where they can be executed and explored without any internal compromises and with an aim of safeguarding the interests of the shareholders by adding value to their investments. Corporate governance has succeeded in attracting a good deal of public interest because of its apparent importance for the economic health of corporations and society in general. However, the concept of corporate governance is poorly defined because it potentially covers a large number of distinct economic phenomenon. As a result different people have come up with different definitions that basically reflect their special interest in the field. It is also believed that if the firm is nothing more than a legal fiction than its values must be driven by its stakeholders thus the companies values emerge as a

Education quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education quiz 2 - Essay Example A concrete example of this can be made by comparing the speed of reading between a learner who uses the Braille slate and a student who is not visually-impaired. According to healthguidance.org, the average reading speed of an adult is 250 words per minute. On the other hand, the Braille reading speed registers an average of 125 words per minute according to RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. In short, people who use the Braille slate demonstrate a 50% decrease in reading efficiency which has a significant impact in learning. Aside from causing reduced efficiency in reading, visual impairment limits the mobility of an individual. Limited mobility translates to inability to do tasks or perform actions that can be crucial for field learning. Observation, experimentation and interactive activities that can likely enhance learning cannot be accomplished. Additionally, a visually-impaired individual needs to rest the eyes in between tasks more than an individual with good eyesight. 2. B. There are different approaches which can be used to enhance the instructional accommodation of students with visual impairment. Some of these remedies are guided by the lessons from Master Differentiators. The first approach is to classify the students according to the following criteria: functional blindness, low vision and blindness. These varying degrees of visual impairment can serve as guide in preparing more learner-oriented curriculum and materials. The process begins by placing the learners in different classrooms. Then, targeted instruction can be administered which can heighten the learning experience. The second approach would utilize different learning materials for more effective instruction. Technology can be harnessed by using digital projectors as substitute for the traditional blackboard. Even software programs that come with a tablet for writing could aid the students to write. All these enhancements not only assist the learners to overco me their disability but also provide more time for instructors to attend to other instructional activities. The third accommodation is related to the second option although this one does not employ technology. Learning materials with a high-contrast would be used so learners can easily differentiate objects. There are two purposes for using high-contrast material: to reduce eye strain and possibly improve information processing. If national standards would come up with recommendations on color combinations ( as result of study or research ), this would greatly be a step forward in helping these learners. References Cox, P. R., & Dykes, M. K. Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students With Visual Impairments. (pp. 68-74). Vancouver: The Council for Exceptional Children. Craig, C. J., Hough, D. L., Churchwell, C., & Schmitt, V. (2002, June). A Statewide Study on the Literacy of Students with Visual Impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness , pp. 452-455. Mark, T. (n.d.). What Is the Average Reading Speed and the Best Rate of Reading? Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Health Guidance: http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/13263/1/What-Is-the-Average-Reading-Speed-and-the-Best-Rate-of-Reading.html RIDBC Renwick Center for Research and Professional Education. (n.d.). Reading Braille. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from http://www.ridbcrenwickcentre.com/louisbraille/ facts/reading-braille/ 2. A. Challenges in reading

Nike Brand Equity Analysis

Nike Brand Equity Analysis Introduction The world constantly changes and disparities, however, some top brands seem to keep their leadership position in their industry to this day. Strong brands are amazingly durable and have the ultimate ability to overcome many challenges. Either does Nike. Since its creation in 1971 in the USA, the Nike swoosh is still one of the worlds most valuable brand despite of the severe crises. Ranked at 26 on the list of Interbrands Best Global Brands in 2009 with a brand value at $13.2 billion dollars, up 4% from a value of $12.7 billion last year, Nike is the best among sports brand, left the big competitors, Adidas and Puma far behind (Interbrand report, 2009). So how has Nike got ahead and stayed ahead? This article will be employed Elliott and Percys structural framework of brand equity synthesis to investigate in four dimensions of Nike brand equity, namely: brand attitude (functional and emotional features), symbolic meaning, brand awareness and brand loyalty to draw the deposit picture of Nike brand equity in the sportswear industry. About Nike In 1962, inspired by athlete aspiration, Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight shook their hand to cofounded Blue Ribbon Sports, precursor of Nike. The initial business then was to distribute low-cost and high quality Japanese athletic shoes to American. Today, Nike not only designs and sells athletic shoes at every profitable market worldwide, but also operates in athletic apparel, sport equipment and subsidiary venture including Cole Haan, Converse Inc., Hurley International LLC, Nike Golf and Umbro Ltd (Nike report, 2009). Headquartered at Oregon, United States, Nike has been presented across more than 160 countries around the world targeting its primary market regions: United States, Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas. Nike employs about 32,500 people as of May 31, 2008 (Datamonitor Research, 2009). By indirect or direct way, Nike touches the lives of millions more with its innovative products that transform every sport into a winning battle (Superbrands, 2002). Nike customers The decade ago, Bill Bowerman, the co-founder of Nike once said If you have a body, you are an athlete (Nike company overview, 2010). This motto transmitted not only the whole brand characteristics but also the main targeted customers. They are athletes and anyone with a body. Nike offers a wide product portfolio of sport-inspired lifestyle apparel, accessories and equipment. Nike provides athletic footwear for runners, trainers and basketball players. The company also offers shoes and equipments specially designed for those addicted tennis and golf players and etcetera. Such diverse product extensions enable the company to satisfy the varied athletic needs of its customers (Datomonitor Research, 2009) Nike and its rivals Sportswear has been a thriving market in recent years. According to the research Global footwear: Industry profile releasing by Datomonitor in 2009, the global footwear market generated total revenues of $ 196,617 million in 2008. Thus, Nike has experienced intense competition from the moment its first sporting shoes being introduced to their customers. Globally, this market is dominated by the big three namely Nike, Adidas, and Puma (Sport+Markt Report, 2008; Keynote Report, 2010). Adidas Adidas was truly the first sports company, it was founded in 1920. They once really blew in the decade of 70s and 80s. By the early 90s, Adidas realized itself forgotten in the back of game. In the 21st century, the brand has steadily affirmed its position and seems on renaissance. Adidas brand increased its value at 6%, ranked 62th on the list of Best Global Brands 2009 and continued to take the second largest sporting goods manufactures behind Nike (Interbrand, 2009) The overall Adidas brand competes straightly and closely with Nikes value proposition. Nike aims To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world, meanwhile, Adidas mission is Improving every athletes performance through innovation. The brand values of Adidas have been claimed that authenticity, inspiration, honesty and commitment are derived from sport. (Datamonitor research, 2009) Puma Placed at 97th, Puma brand appeared at the first time on the Interbrand annual report. Interbrand analysts gave the positive compliments for Pumas effort to compete against the big rivals. Through new design, co-branding and partnerships with celebrities and famous designers such as Alexander McQueen and Hussein Chalayan, Puma refreshes their brand image. The company defines its brand as the mixes of sport, lifestyle and fashion to increase its desirability (Puma report, 2009). The Puma brand differentiates itself from Nike by communicating lifestyle driven style with active lifestyle themes whereas Nike focusing on performance driven style. Nike brand equity Having and holding customers is likely to be a competitive battle which each brand tries all efforts to win. They compete for functional attributes, distinctive services or innovative technologies (Aaker, 1991). So what are emotional and functional benefits which Nike provides for their customers? Functional and emotional features of the brand Since Nike was set up by someone who has a deep passion for athletics and running, it should come no surprise that product is important. Products that are comfortable, authentic, functionally innovative and uniquely designed (Nike report, 1985). The innovative technology is considered as one of the defining dimensions of Nikes brand identity and corporate culture. The simple driving concept has led to some impressive innovations which is considered as one of the defining dimensions of Nikes brand identity and corporate culture. The first highlight was Air cushioning, using pressurized gas to cushion impact and new materials such as Urathane, that was used first with the Air Max running shoes (Nike report, 1987). More recently, to obtain maximum performance, Nike Sport Research laboratory has discovered the innovative technology such as Shox, which are made mostly of rubber and spring back adding more power to a runners stride and Total 90 Concept, a range of equipment to help players perform over 90 minutes of a soccer match (Keller, 2008) Such innovative technology which Nike has used has gained the strong hold in consumers perceptions. The research of Ross and Harradine (2004) focusing on relationship between young school children and branding, particularly sportswear shoes brands showed that children aged from 4 7 years old believed that these brands could improve their personal performance. They do very fast shoes. They make you run faster. They are also comfortable and look good, they added. Clearly, functional benefit is the fundamental and classical features to communicate with customers. However, if Nike just provided high quality running shoes to enhance athletic performance, Nike would not be strong brands. According to Aakers (1991), big brands need to be beyond the purely functional relationships. They should create a more strong emotional attachment with core consumers because emotional benefits add richness and depth to the brand and the experience of owning and using the brand (Aakers, 2009) Guinn et al (p219, 2008) stated that Nike offers emotional benefits which are the exhilaration of athletic performance excellence; feeling engaged, active, and healthy; exhilaration from admiring professional and college athletes as they perform wearing your brand when they win, you win too. Associated brand with the top athletes, Nike tells story of brands which the main themes is sportsmanship and unrelenting effort. These are the story of Michael Jordan who won a record 10th scoring title and was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players (NBA history, 2010) in Americans National basketball association championship. Lance Armstrong survived and won a second straight Tour de France while Tiger Woods completed the career Grand Slam, ensuring his place in golf history at the age where most of us are still wondering what we will do when we grow up (Nike report, 2000). The most three prominent athletes has generated the inspiration for young and next generation of athletes. Nike has succeeded to transfer their inspirations to every single purchaser. Wearing every pair of Nike shoes is to engage a passion for excellence and encourage to do your own thing. Just do it the tagline could sum up all the greatest values of brand which is (Superbrands case study, 2002). Symbolic meaning Products are no longer just products, they move beyond the functional meanings. Nowadays, they are definitely social tools serving as a means of communication between the individual and his significant references (Grubb and Grathwohl, 1967 as cited by Banister and Hogg, 2003). Products are considered as a symbol of individuality and uniqueness, and also symbol of affiliation and social identification. It is particularly trued with the fashion brands. Fashion brands such as clothes, bags, shoes and etc satisfy opposing functions, both social identification and distinction among individuals (Banister Hogg, 2003) Nike must have understood the recipe well. The Just do It campaign in the early 1990s would be a perfect example. Losing ground to archrival Reebok which was quick initiative on designing style, fashion aerobics shoes in 1980s (Keller, 2008), Nike responded dramatically and forcefully by launching the Just do it campaign which was mainly focused on person wearing on products instead of product itself. Heroes and hero worship was being built as the main themes of advertising. Celebrity endorsements such as Bo Jackson, John McEnroe and Michael Jordon appealed to the consumers sense of belonging and hipness. In other words, Americans consumers were convinced that wearing for every part of your life was smart (the shoes are designed for comfort) and hip (everyone else is wearing them; you too can belong to this group) (CFAR, 1998). Just Do It campaign succeeded (Nike increased its share of the domestic sport shoe business after launching this campaign in America from 18 percent to 43 percent, regained the leader position) because it could fascinate customers in both separating ways. Wearing Nike as a self fulfilling image declaration if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike. But perhaps most importantly, it could create the desirable needs -if you want to be hip, wear Nike (CFAR, 1998). Symbolic meanings of Nike brand are also tracked in the research on Symbolic and functional positioning of brands of Bhat and Reddy (1998). This study showed that Nike scored high on the prestige and personality expression scales (See Appendix). The findings of Hogg et al (1998) also support the success of attached the symbolic and emblematic meanings to sportswear brands. The youth showed facility in interpreting the symbolic meanings attached to the sports brands which were associated with the different sports stars (such as footballers, rugby players, athletes and tennis players) and with different sports (e.g. football and rugby.) Brand Loyalty Luring by good shoe with innovative functionality and athletic aspiration value, Nike has indeed come to mind and heart of its customers. By the mid of 1990s, 77 percent of male Americans from the age of 18 to 25 chose Nike as their favourite shoe, according to Rozanski et al (1999). The figure still remains stably despite of that up and down year Nike has been experience, gaining the high score of customer satisfaction at 79 percent rated by The American Customer Satisfaction Index Organization (2009). It could be said that loyalty to the Nike brand is driven by many external and internal factors such as brands subjective and objective characteristics and loyalty building programs. One visible example of creating innovative method to capture the strong relationships with Nike users is that creating Joga.com, a social network site for foot ball fans. Launching quietly in the early 2006, the site became an instant hit, peaking at 7.5 million viewers when Nike showed Ronaldinho video clips, according to Nike (2006). More than 1 million members from 140 countries signed up by mid July. In this site, fans can create their personal blogs, build communities around favorite teams or players, download video and organize pickup games. By enrolling consumers in building and shaping the content of the website, Nike pulled their loyal customers closer, nurtured deeper bonds of loyalty and advocacy. (Kotler and Amstrong, 2007) Brand Awareness Brand awareness is the first and crucial stage of consumers preference. It refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind (Aakers, 1996). Nike has been successful in building awareness. The Swoosh symbol has been appeared everywhere, on shoes, hats, billboards and soccer balls across the globe too remarkably to such extent that one author used the title The Swooshification of the World on Sports Illustrated column that imaged a future in which the swoosh could surpass sports to become a letter of the alphabet and the new presidential seal, among other things(Keller, 2008). True be told, the recognition of the swoosh is extremely high. According to Keller (2008), as of 2000, 97 percent of American citizens recognized the brand logo, as the strong brand penetration. The studying of Arona and Stoner (2009) on understanding brand personality also assists this fact. The findings indicated that Nike was perceived as a dominant force or authority in the market place, reaching at nearly 90 percent (Figure below) The results of Ross and Harradines research (2004) on brand recognition and awareness on children is also supportive, which showed that Nike could be recognized consistently without identification of brand name, even by the youngest group (aged from 4 to 6 years old). This perhaps may reflect the general level of advertising and promotion that children are exposed to. How has Nike done to build brand awareness? Sponsorships, advertising and experience focused retailing (Nike town) are three vivid channels that Nike has applied to enhance its brand image and awareness. Among these strategies, athlete endorsements could be considered as the most significant success of Nike brand. Nike has been invested millions of dollars to associate their brand names with easily recognizable athletes with the aim of brand image building (1.6 billion dollars is spent on multiyear athlete endorsement by Nike according to Horrow (2007). Athletes at the top of their respective sport such as Micheal Jordan, Tiger Woods, and Lance Armstrong who are well liked and respected by members of the brands target audience are chosen as endorsers to associate the Nike brand with the athletes celebrity image. This strategy has been paid off, for example, since Tiger Woods and Nike cooperated, annual sales for Nike Golf have exceeded to nearly $500 million dollars with an estimated 24 percent growth per year in the first five years of the agreement (Pike, 2006 cited by Carlson and Donavan, 2008). Conclusion Since the Nike name is chosen in 1971 with the concepts of victory, success and speed, Nike has been keeping its great speed in the fierce competitive environment. Building brand image and its associations around a famous person and conducting the two way conversation with power consumers through innovative digital channels, Nike has hold the strong presence in the heart of consumers. REFERENCE Aaker, D., 1996. Building strong brands. New York: The Free Press Aaker, David A., 1991. Managing Brand Equity. New York: The Free Press Elliot, R. and Percy, L., 2007, Strategic brand management, Oxford: Oxford University Press Guinn, T., 2008. Advertising and Integrated brand promotion. South Western: South Western Educational Publishing. Keller, K., 2008. Best practice cases in branding: lessons from the worlds strongest brands. 3rd Ed. NJ : Pearson/Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G., 2007. Marketing: an introduction. 8th Ed. N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall Aaker, D. (2009) Beyond functional benefits, Marketing news, 30, 23-24. Arora, R. and Stoner, C. (2009) a mixed method approach to understanding brand personality, Journal of product and Brand management, 18(4), 272-283. Banister, E., and Hogg, M. (2003) Negative symbolic consumption and consumers drive for self-esteem, the case of the fashion industry, European Journal of Marketing, 38(7),850-868. Carlson, B., and Donavan, T. (2008) Concerning the Effect of Athlete Endorsements on Brand and Team-Related Intentions, Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17 (3), 154-162. Court, D. et al. (1997) If Nike can just do it, why cant we, The McKinsey quarterly, 3, 24-34. Hogg, M., Bruce, M. and Hill, A. (1998) Fashion brand preferences among young consumers, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 26 (8), 293-300. Ross, J. and Harradine, R. (2004) Im not wearing that! Branding and young children, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8(1),11-26. Ross, J., and Harradine, R. (2004) Im not wearing that! Branding and young children, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (1),11-26. Rozanski, H., Baum, A., and Wolfsen, B. (1999) Brand Zealots: realizing the full value of emotional brand loyalty, Strategy and Business Fourth Quarter ,19, [Online] Available at http://www.strategy-business.com/article/13741?gko=31937 The American Customer Satisfaction Index, Score by company NIKE, [Online] Available at: http://www.theacsi.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=149Itemid=157c=NIKE (accessed 20/05/2010). Brandrepublic (2002) Superbrands Case Studies Nike, [Online] Available from:http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/148384/superbrands-case-studies-nike/(accessed 22/04/2010) Center for Applied Research CFAR (1998) Mini case study Nike -Just do it advertising campaign, [Online] Available from: http://www.cfar.com/Documents/nikecmp.pdf(accessed 20/05/2010) Datamonitor research (2009), Nike, Inc. Company profile, [Online] Available from: http://www.datamonitor.com/store/Product/nike_inc?productid=8E563969-FC1C-4D3A-8EEE-F9D79F81F0C3 (accessed 14/04/2010) Datamonitor research (2009), Global footwear industry profile, [Online] Available from: http:www. datamonitor.com (accessed 14/04/2010) Horrow, R. (2007), A countdown of 10 top sports and entertainment business issues, [Online] Available from http://community.foxsports.com/blogs/TheSportsProfessor (accessed 22/05/2010) Interbrands annual report (2009), Best global brands, , [Online] Available from: http://www.interbrand.com/best_global_brands.aspx?year=2008langid=1000 (accessed 14/04/2010) Keynote Report (2010), Clothing, Personal Goods Home Goods 2010, [Online] Available from: www.keynote.com (accessed 18/05/2010) National basketball championship, NBA Encyclopedia playoff edition, [Online] Available from: http://www.nba.com/history/players/jordan_bio.html (accessed 22/05/2010) Nike (2010), Company overview, [Online] Available from: http://www.nikebiz.com/company_overview/ (accessed 12/04/2010) Nike report (2000), Nike annual Report 2000, [Online] Available from: http://invest.nike.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=100529p=irol-reportsOther (accessed 16/05/2010) Puma (2009) About company, [Online] Available from: http://www.puma.com/about (accessed 12/04/2010) Sport+Markt Report (2008), Jersey Report 2008/2009 , [Online] Available from: http://www.sportundmarkt.de/en/reports/list/jersey-report-200809.html (accessed 18/05/2010) Superbrands (2002) Nike Company, [Online] Available from: http://uae.superbrandsmena.com/images/spreads/NIKE%204-4.pdf (accessed 22/04/2010)

Cassie Talaga :: essays research papers

Cassie, Do you honestly think I have no right to be angry or frustrated? For the past 3 frickin' years, I've stayed up all nights some nights thinking about you and us; and, working my ass off to show you that, though there's distance between us, that you can bet your life that my love is there and strong for you. I know what you feel when you say that you need someone and something to touch. I've finally gotten in touch with you in a way that I can hear your voice. Just as I was saying in my last email, there will be some fucking hard ass times, and then there will be worse ones. This is one of those times that is going to be hard, and I believe if there was any love there for me, you wouldn't just give up. I've always been skeptical about how you felt, that's just how I am, but then finally, in one email, after I called you for the first time you said, and I quote, "...before we had our talk, I mean.. yeah.. I liked you ALOT...". But then you went on to say that you finally knew in your heart that you truly loved me. I'm beginning to think you were just caught up in the moment. And to think, that was exactly a month ago. One frickin' month ago, you said you were sure, and now you aren't. I know for a fact that love is something you cannot all of a sudden gain, or lose. It will take time as in more than a couple weeks, but more like a couple months or years. I want you to know that, yes, I'm mad. But I am also mad about you. I feel like crying just like I did the night before you left. I had a dream a couple days ago, that ended with a phrase from no particular person saying, "Soon, your love will go through trials and tribulations, and intelligence and patience will fade as your frustration takes over; but, do not falter. Persevere in your true ways, and light will shine again!" I memorized that as I wrote that down after I woke up. That scared the shit out of me, because I spent that whole day thinking it was, in fact talking about you. I see now, maybe it is. Cassie Talaga :: essays research papers Cassie, Do you honestly think I have no right to be angry or frustrated? For the past 3 frickin' years, I've stayed up all nights some nights thinking about you and us; and, working my ass off to show you that, though there's distance between us, that you can bet your life that my love is there and strong for you. I know what you feel when you say that you need someone and something to touch. I've finally gotten in touch with you in a way that I can hear your voice. Just as I was saying in my last email, there will be some fucking hard ass times, and then there will be worse ones. This is one of those times that is going to be hard, and I believe if there was any love there for me, you wouldn't just give up. I've always been skeptical about how you felt, that's just how I am, but then finally, in one email, after I called you for the first time you said, and I quote, "...before we had our talk, I mean.. yeah.. I liked you ALOT...". But then you went on to say that you finally knew in your heart that you truly loved me. I'm beginning to think you were just caught up in the moment. And to think, that was exactly a month ago. One frickin' month ago, you said you were sure, and now you aren't. I know for a fact that love is something you cannot all of a sudden gain, or lose. It will take time as in more than a couple weeks, but more like a couple months or years. I want you to know that, yes, I'm mad. But I am also mad about you. I feel like crying just like I did the night before you left. I had a dream a couple days ago, that ended with a phrase from no particular person saying, "Soon, your love will go through trials and tribulations, and intelligence and patience will fade as your frustration takes over; but, do not falter. Persevere in your true ways, and light will shine again!" I memorized that as I wrote that down after I woke up. That scared the shit out of me, because I spent that whole day thinking it was, in fact talking about you. I see now, maybe it is.

Historical Report on Race Essay

A life that we thought was best for us and our kids to grow up in. We produced our own food, shelter and weapons and provided for ourselves in the most natural way possible. It wasn’t always easy though, and others seen more value out of our land and resources than us. I was forced off my land and had to adapt to the new peoples way of life. That in which they called a white society; this society created many acts in my life time in order to weaken our society such as those of the Allotment Act and the Reorganization Act (Schaefer, p. 47, 2012). People of my cultural lived on reservations, we had learned to separate ourselves and adopt our own way of life and government. Native Americans had created their own nation and it caused and has caused a lot of tension between us and the U. S. culture. As a Native American, we were all about live the traditional way of life. There was value to our land and the resources that we used and the white people wanted and did take it from us. It seemed as if we were constantly at war with the white people so that we could protect what we thought was rightfully ours. They had created an act known as the Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830 (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This opened more land for settlement and allowed people to come in and take over our reservations (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). In 1946, Congress had created the Indian Claims Commission (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This was a good thing for us, or so we thought. It meant that finally our voice was going to be heard. There were three members apart of the commission, and they were given a five year deadline, but there kept getting extension after extension, until; in 1978 the whole thing was abolished (Schaefer p. 155, 2012). At times, it seemed as if maybe the government was trying to help us, that or they were trying to use us. In 1952, the BIA began programs, so that they could relocate young Native Americans to Urban areas and by 1962 they had created what was called the Employment Assistance program; also known as the EAP (Schaefer, p 157, 2012). Basically there primary goal was to relocate us by offering us better jobs opportunities that, that of the reservation could not offer. But this plan had soon backfired on them. By 1965, one-fourth to one third of the people in the EAP had returned home to their reservations (Schaefer p. 157, 2012). Today, most of our land has been taken from us and no longer exist. Native Americans themselves are not being treated as badly as we were back then, but it’s the culture and our name that continues to be insulted. Schools have such a thing as mascots, and they create names for them. They use those such as the â€Å"Braves† or â€Å"Redskins. † Those names have a meaning to the Native American culture, it tends to bring up the past for us, and though there intentions may not be that of insulting us, some of us don’t like it too much. It hasn’t always been easy for us, and at times I wanted to give up. But everything seems to turn out for the better. I’ve learned that every culture and person has their own way of living and when someone sees a greater value of that person’s living then they have to have it. Things don’t always have to be that way; people can come up with their own greater value of living. Remember, you don’t always have to have someone else’s greater value to have a greater value of your own. Make an even better living for yourself than trying to take someone else’s. I hope you learned well from this letter and I wish you the best. Your Friend! Resources: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Business Proposal Essay

Market Structure and Elasticity The elasticity depends on if in a year Google sells over one million and stays under the competitor price of $80 dollars by Belkin Miracast then it can fluctuates it price to $50 per Chromecast. The elasticity of demand is once a manager knows the marginal cost, they should then set the price over marginal cost. This is the profit that the product will produce. The industry for Chromecast is to allow people the choice to go beyond the monopolistic competitive market structure such as Comcast to a lesser monopolized substitution for cable: Chromecast. Pricing Strategy based on Market Factors Having a strategy for Chromecast will address the competition and the day to day operations. Using cost leadership, differentiation and having focus will allow the pricing strategy to affect marginal cost and allow you to profit by selling more of the lower price item to focus in a on a smaller audience which will provide revenue in the future due to the differentiation that you have for your product and stepping out amongst your competitor to offer the lower price for the Chromecast. How will changes in the quantity supplied as a result of your pricing decision affect marginal cost and marginal revenue? Changes in Revenues and Costs Lead to Changes in Profits (Markup Pricing, 2014) We see here that if a company changes their price, it can lead to changes in the cost and revenue, the profit is equal to the change in revenue minus the change in cost—that is, the change in profit is marginal revenue minus marginal cost. When marginal revenue equals marginal cost, the change in profit is zero, so a firm is at the top of the profit hill (Markup Pricing, 2014). Non Pricing Strategy The non-pricing strategy can be used for Chromecast to gain sales due to many customers valueing quality over cost, consumers want to know that if they pour money into something that they are getting what they paid for and expect more from the product than they paid for. The non pricing strategies that will be used in determinning the increased barrier to entry from the normal price slashing will be network effects, compactability to be able to ownership of control of a key resource, high set up cost, advertising, and finally having a strong brand. Having a pricing entry of $35 dollars is an impluse to buying the device, but the non pricing strategy can be the most potent strategic weapon, â€Å"Chrome is a focus at Google; Android is an  afterthought,† (Keizer, 2013). Another non pricing strategy is the simplicity rules that Chromecast leverages demonstrable consumer behavior with wireless media recievers, and marries that with the mobile ecosystem (PBS, 2014). Economic cost concepts and how could changes in your business operations alter the mix of fixed and variable costs in line with your strategy? Everything has a cost, deciding on if that cost is something a company can control can be a challenge to the business, looking at fixed cost and variable cost, such as interest paid back on a car loan it’s the same. Can the money be controlled such as fixed cost, or does the needle money the money for a variable amount. A few examples of a fixed cost is rent on a building to be able to make the product and depreciation over time. This can lead to knowing what the cost will be advance for the product and how it factors into the profit will lead a company to understanding more about their product and the overall outcome of how it affect the budget. A few variable cost involved with the product can have a cost of labor, this can change due to the experience of the workers and overtime that meets the demand of the time sensitive product to release to the world. Cost of labor can change and factoring this into your budget is a must to formulate your budget, hence every year cost of labor goes up if you give raises or bonuses. Another demanding variable cost is the shipping and delivery charges, if your are shipping all over the world and products have to go thru customs, then the price goes up, factoring a baseline for the product will help a business calculate the plan for the business and allow a budget to be factored into the everyday profits that the product produces. Conclusion Overall, Chromecast is a product of Google and allows a choice for the over demanding cable industry. Giving your customers a choice promotes respect and loyalty, in this business proposal the topics of economic principles were presented and statements about the market structure and the elasticity of demand for the good or service. Chromecast is a thumb- sized media streaming device that plugs into the HDMI port on your TV. Set it up with a simple mobile app, then send your favorite online shows, movies, music and more to your TV using your smartphone , tablet or laptop. Chromecast is remote free and as simple as a plug and play and only cost  $35. In this business proposal the market structure and elasticity of the product was identified, the following questions were answered: How will pricing relate to elasticity of your product? How will changes in the quantity supplied as a result of your pricing decisions affect marginal cost and marginal revenue? Besides your pricing decisions, what are your suggested nonpricing strategies? What nonpricing strategies will you use to increase barriers to entry? How could changes in your business operations alter the mix of fixed and variable costs in line with your strategy? The proposal demonstrated an understanding of the uses of product differentiation by not allowing certain content to be streamlined to your television and native apps or services installed in the product (Google, 2014). References Google. (2014). Keizer, G. (2013). Computerworld. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9241170/With_Chromecast_Google_reveals_Chrome_as_its_strategic_big_gun Markup Pricing. (2014). Retrieved from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/theory-and-applications-of-microeconomics/s10-04-markup-pricing-combining-margi.html McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. PBS. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2013/07/5-reasons-google-chromecast-will-transform-tv/